earthquake

Earthquark

                 An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Theseismicity, seismism or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.

Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers. The moment magnitude is the most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire globe. The more numerous earthquakes smaller than magnitude 5 reported by national seismological observatories are measured mostly on the local magnitude scale, also referred to as the Richter scale. These two scales are numerically similar over their range of validity. Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly almost imperceptible or weak and magnitude 7 and over potentially cause serious damage over larger areas, depending on their depth. The largest earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9, although there is no limit to the possible magnitude. The most recent large earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or larger was a 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011 (as of March 2014), and it was the largest Japanese earthquake since records began. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. The shallower an earthquake, the more damage to structures it causes, all else being equal.^[1]

At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity.

In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.

Tsunami

Tsunami

               A tsunami (plural: tsunamis or tsunami; from Japanesepronunciation also known as a seismic sea wave, is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, generally an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings,meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.

Tsunami waves do not resemble normal sea waves, because their wavelength is far longer. Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide, and for this reason they are often referred to as tidal waves. Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves with periodsranging from minutes to hours, arriving in a so-called "wave train".^[4] Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated by large events. Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their destructive power can be enormous and they can affect entire ocean basins; the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history with at least 290,000 people killed or missing in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean.

The Greek historian Thucydides suggested in his late-5th century BC History of the Peloponnesian War, that tsunamis were related to submarine earthquakes,^[5][6] but the understanding of a tsunami's nature remained slim until the 20th century and much remains unknown. Major areas of current research include trying to determine why some large earthquakes do not generate tsunamis while other smaller ones do; trying to accurately forecast the passage of tsunamis across the oceans; and also to forecast how tsunami waves would interact with specific shorelines.

Tsunamis are often referred to by the inaccurate and highly misleading term tidal wave, although the phenomenon is unrelated to the tides.

Snow

Snow

หิมะ เป็นรูปหนึ่งของการตกลงมาของน้ำจากบรรยากาศ อยู่ในรูปของผลึกน้ำแข็งจำนวนมากเรียก เกล็ดหิมะ จับตัวรวมกันเป็นก้อน ดังนั้นหิมะจึงมีเนื้อที่หยาบเป็นเกล็ด และมีโครงสร้างที่กลวงจึงมีความนุ่มเมื่อสัมผัส

หิมะนั้นเกิดจากละอองน้ำเกิดการเกาะรวมตัวกันในชั้นบรรยากาศที่อุณหภูมิต่ำว่า 0 °C (32 °F) และตกลงมา นอกจากนี้หิมะยังสามารถผลิตได้จากเครื่องสร้างหิมะเทียม (snow cannon)

รูปลักษณะของเกล็ดหิมะ

คำอธิบายถึงความสมมาตรของเกล็ดหิมะนั้นโดยทั่วไป มีอยู่ 2 คำอธิบาย คือความสมมาตรของส่วนที่ยื่นออกมาของเกล็ดหิมะนั้น จะเป็นสมมาตรแบบหกด้านเสมอ เนื่องมาจากเกล็ดน้ำแข็งปกตินั้นมีโครงสร้างผลึกหกเหลี่ยม (หรือที่รู้จักกันในชื่อ ice I_h) บนระนาบฐาน (basal plane)

1. อาจเป็นไปได้ที่จะมีการสื่อสารหรือแลกเปลี่ยนข้อมูลระหว่างส่วนที่ยื่นออกของเกล็ดหิมะ ซึ่งส่งผลให้การงอกออกของแต่ละก้านนั้นส่งผลถึงกัน ตัวอย่างของรูปแบบที่ใช้ในการสื่อสารนั้นอาจเป็น ความตึงผิว หรือ โฟนอน (phonon)
2. คำอธิบายที่สองนี้จะค่อนข้างแพร่หลายกว่า คือ แต่ละก้านของเกล็ดหิมะนั้นจะงอกออกโดยไม่ขึ้นแก่กัน ในสภาพแวดล้อมที่อุณหภูมิ ความชื้น และสภาพแวดล้อมอื่น ๆ นั้นมีการเปลี่ยนแปลงอย่างรวดเร็ว แต่เมื่อเทียบกับขนาดของเกล็ดหิมะแล้วเชื่อว่าสภาพแวดล้อมจะมีสภาพที่เหมือนกันในช่วงขนาดสเกลของเกล็ดหิมะ ซึ่งส่งผลให้การงอกออกของก้านในแต่ละด้านนั้นอยู่ภายใต้เงื่อนไขเหมือนกัน จึงทำให้ลักษณะการงอกออกนั้นเหมือนกัน ในลักษณะเดียวกับที่รูปแบบการเติบโตของวงแหวนอายุในแกนของต้นไม้ในสภาพแวดล้อมเดียวกันจะมีรูปร่างเหมือน ๆ กัน ความแตกต่างของสภาพแวดล้อมที่ระดับสเกลใหญ่กว่าเกล็ดหิมะนั้นส่งผลให้รูปของเกล็ดหิมะแต่ละเกล็ดนั้นมีรูปร่างที่แตกต่างกัน และหิมะเกิดจากการละอองน้ำในอากาศที่แปรสภาพเป็นของแข็งเพราะอุณหภูมิต่ำ

อย่างไรก็ตาม แนวความคิดที่ไม่มีเกล็ดหิมะใดที่มีรูปร่างเหมือนกันนั้นไม่ถูกต้อง เกล็ดหิมะสองเกล็ดนั้นมีโอกาสเหมือนกันได้ เพียงแต่โอกาสนั้นน้อยมาก American Meteorological Societyได้บันทึกการค้นพบเกล็ดหิมะที่มีรูปร่างเหมือนกันโดย แนนซี่ ไนท์ (Nancy Knight) ซึ่งทำงานที่National Center for Atmospheric Research ผลึกที่ค้นพบนั้นไม่เชิงเป็นเกล็ดหิมะซะทีเดียวที่เป็นรูป ปริซึมหกเหลี่ยมกลวง (hollow hexagonal pris )

"Snowfall" redirects here. For other uses, see Snow (disambiguation) and Snowfall (disambiguation).

The process of precipitating snow is called snowfall. Snowfall tends to form within regions of upward movement of air around a type of low-pressure system known as anextratropical cyclone. Snow can fall poleward of these systems' associated warm fronts and within their comma head precipitation patterns (called such due to the comma-like shape of the cloud and precipitation pattern around the poleward and west sides of extratropical cyclones). Where relatively warm water bodies are present, for example because of water evaporation from lakes, lake-effect snowfall becomes a concern downwind of the warm lakes within the cold cyclonic flow around the backside of extratropical cyclones. Lake-effect snowfall can be heavy locally. Thundersnow is possible within a cyclone's comma head and within lake effect precipitation bands. In mountainous areas, heavy snow is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation, if the atmosphere is cold enough. Snowfall amount and its related liquid equivalent precipitation amount are measured using a variety of different rain gauges.Snow is precipitation in the form of flakes of crystalline water ice that falls from clouds. Since snow is composed of small ice particles, it is a granular material. It has an open and therefore soft, white, and fluffy structure, unless subjected to external pressure. Snowflakes come in a variety of sizes and shapes. Types that fall in the form of a ball due to melting and refreezing, rather than a flake, are known as hail, ice pellets or snow grains.

Computer Network

Computer Network

A computer network is a group of computers connected to each other electronically. This means that the computers can "talk" to each other and that every computer in the network can send information to the others. Usually, this means that the speed of the connection is fast - faster than a normal connection to the Internet. Some basic types of computer networks include:

·         A local area network (often called a LAN) connects two or more computers, and may be called a corporate network in an office or business setting.

·         An "Internetwork", sometimes called a Wide Area Network (because of the wide distance between networks) connects two or more smaller networks together. The largest internetwork is called the Internet.

Computers can be part of several different networks. Networks can also be parts of bigger networks. The local area network in a small business is usually connected to thecorporate network of the larger company. Any connected machine at any level of the organization may be able to access the Internet, for example to demonstrate computers in the store, display its catalogue through a web server, or convert received orders into shipping instructions.

Microsoft Windows, Linux and most other operating systems use TCP/IP for networking. Apple Macintosh computers used Appletalk in the past, but it uses TCP/IP now.

To set up a network an appropriate media is required. This can be wired or wireless. Twisted-pair, co-axial or fiber-optic are examples of cable and infra-red, blue-tooth, radio-wave, micro-wave etc. are wireless media used for networking. When you are working with a mere LAN, computers, media and peripherals are sufficient. But when you are working with a wider range you have use some additional devices like bridge, gateway or router to connect different small or large networks. And obviously a protocol must be maintained.

To set up a network you have to select an appropriate topology to arrange the hardware devices using the media. Topologies generally used are bus-topology, ring-topology, star-topology, tree-topology, object-oriented topology etc. Among these star-topology and tree-topology are most popular nowadays.

Data Center of Google

Data Center of Google

       Google has provided us with a rare opportunity to see their data centers around the world, thanks to which every day we can use the services of this global Internet company. This is a real maze of servers that handle online queries into a search engine, show us a video on YouTube, and deliver emails to millions of people.Hundreds of thousands of servers, colorful cables and even bicycles to move the employees of the centers - in this collection you will find and data centers in the former paper mill in Finland, and specially designed server centers in Iowa, USA.

Google X

Google X

         As you know, Google - is not only a search engine: The company is a world leader in the creation of gadgets, internet services, and more. The most curious development team is engaged in a secret Google X, and among their projects - here are 10 ideas that the Internet giant seeks to bring to life.

Google X, stylized as Google[x], is a semi-secret facility run by Google dedicated to making major technological advancements. It is located about a half mile from Google's corporate headquarters, theGoogleplex, in Mountain View, California. Work at the lab is overseen by Sergey Brin, one of Google's co-founders, while scientist and entrepreneur Astro Teller directs day-to-day activitiesTeller says that they aim to improve technologies by a factor of 10, and to develop "science fiction-sounding solutions."^] The lab began in 2010 with the development of a self-driving car

Google Service

Google services

Google offers a variety of services that help you build new revenue streams, manage app distribution, track app usage, and enhance your app with features such as maps, sign-in, and cloud messaging.Although these Google services are not included in the Android platform, they are supported by most Android-powered devices. When using these services, you can distribute your app on Google Play to all devices running Android 2.3 or higher, and some services support even more devices.